Both time and numbers, Engels was certain, were on the socialists’ side. Friedrich Engels, writing a preface in 1895 for his new edition of Karl Marx’s The Class Struggles in France, clearly believed that wider suffrage would inexorably deliver more votes to the Left.

Fascism, however, was still unimagined as late as the 1890s. The other major currents of modern Western political culture-conservatism, liberalism, socialism-all reached mature form between the late eighteenth century and the mid-nineteenth century.

'synopsis' may belong to another edition of this title.įascism was the major political innovation of the twentieth century, and the source of much of its pain. This groundbreaking book, based on a lifetime of research, will have a lasting impact on our understanding of twentieth-century history. He goes on to examine whether fascism can exist outside the specific early-twentieth-century European setting in which it emerged, and whether it can reappear today. Paxton shows how these opportunities manifested themselves differently in France, in Britain, in the Low Countries, and in Eastern Europe–and yet failed to achieve supreme power. War opened opportunities for fascist extremists to pursue these goals to the point of genocide. Goals of forced national unity, purity, and expansion, accompanied by propaganda-driven public excitement, held the mixture together. While fascist parties had broad political leeway, conservatives preserved many social and economic privileges. Paxton makes clear the sequence of steps by which fascists and conservatives together formed regimes in Italy and Germany, and why fascists remained out of power elsewhere. Fascist parties could not approach power, however, without the complicity of conservatives willing to sacrifice the rule of law for security. Their first uniformed bands beat up “enemies of the nation,” such as communists and foreign immigrants, during the tense days after 1918 when the liberal democracies of Europe were struggling with the aftershocks of World War I. He focuses more on what fascists did than on what they said.

Paxton prefers to start with concrete historical experience. What is fascism? Many authors have proposed succinct but abstract definitions. From the author of Vichy France, a fascinating, authoritative history of fascism in all its manifestations, and how and why it took hold in certain countries and not in others.

Robert paxton the anatomy of fascism